UWSGI部署Django项目

• uWSGI
• nginx

https://uwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/Django_and_nginx.html

web服务器网管接口(Web Server Gateway Interface) WSGI is a Python standard.

the web client <-> the web server <-> the socket <-> uwsgi <-> Django

先决条件

virtualenv

可以使用虚拟环境

virtualenv uwsgi-tutorial
cd uwsgi-tutorial
source bin/activate

Django

安装 Django , 创建项目, 并切换到目录:

pip install Django
django-admin.py startproject mysite
cd mysite

域名及端口

可以自行设置域名(IP), 及端口.

uWSGI安装及简单配置

在虚拟环境安装uWSGI

pip install uwsgi
pip3 install uwsgi

基础测试

Basic test

Create a file called test.py:

基本测试

创建test.py文件

# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
    return [b"Hello World"] # python3
    # python3依赖 bytes()
    #return ["Hello World"] # python2

运行uWSGI

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py
# http :8000: 使用http协议 , 端口 8000
# wsgi-file test.py: 加载指定文件, test.py

This should serve a ‘hello world’ message directly to the browser on port 8000. Visit:

127.0.0.1:8000

如果返回hello world, 则以下组件工作正常:

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Python

测试Django项目

确保项目能够跑起来

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

如果正常, 则可以使用uWSGI尝试

# mysite 即上面创建的Django项目名
uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi

模块 mysite.wsgi 表示加载指定的 wsgi 模块

使用浏览器访问该web服务; 如果可以访问到内容, 则表示 uWSGI 在虚拟环境能够运行Django应用, 如下操作正确:

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Django

我们通常不会使用浏览器直接访问uWSGI, 我们可以在前面加上负载均衡.

Nginx

安装Nginx

Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install nginx
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start    # start nginx

使用浏览器访问http://localhost:8080确认Nginx是否可以正常运行, 确定如下组件是否正常工作.

the web client <-> the web server

配置Nginx

我们需要uwsgi_params文件, https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/conf/uwsgi_params, 将该文件复制到项目地址

接下来创建mysite_nginx.conf

# mysite_nginx.conf

# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
    # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
    server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}

# configuration of the server
server {
    # the port your site will be served on
    listen      8000;
    # the domain name it will serve for
    server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
    charset     utf-8;

    # max upload size
    client_max_body_size 75M;   # adjust to taste

    # Django media
    location /media  {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/media;  # your Django project's media files - amend as required
    }

    location /static {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
    }

    # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
    location / {
        uwsgi_pass  django;
        include     /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
    }
}

创建软链接到 /etc/nginx/sites-enabled:

sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

部署静态文件

运行Nginx之前, 需要把Django静态文件放到指定位置, 使用Nginx提供给浏览器. 修改 mysite/settings.py:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

运行

python manage.py collectstatic

测试Nginx

重启Nginx

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart

添加 media.png(随便找张图片) 到 /path/to/your/project/project/media目录, 使用浏览器访问http://localhost:8000/media/media.png , 如果正常, 就可以确定Nginx服务正常.

nginx, uWSGI 测试 test.py

# 指定socket , 指定8001端口
uwsgi --socket :8001 --wsgi-file test.py

访问http://localhost:8000测试

the web client <-> the web server <-> the socket <-> uWSGI <-> Python

使用Unix sockets代替端口

使用socket更简单, 更好(减少开销)

编辑 mysite_nginx.conf:

server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
# server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)

重启nginx.

重新运行uWSGI:

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py
This time the socket option tells uWSGI which file to use.

浏览器访问http://localhost:8000

如果没有工作

检查 nginx error log(/var/log/nginx/error.log).

如果看到如下报错

connect() to unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock failed (13: Permission
denied)

你需要设置socket的权限, 让Nginx可以使用它

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py --chmod-socket=666 # (very permissive)

or:

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py --chmod-socket=664 # (more sensible)

同时你可能需要切换用户到nginx做在组(比如 www-data), 这样Nginx才可能读写你的socket.

根据Nginx日志排除故障.

使用 uwsgi 和 nginx运行 Django 应用

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --module mysite.wsgi --chmod-socket=664

现在你的Django应用可以通过uWSGI和nginx为用户提供服务.

配置 uWSGI 从 .ini文件运行

通过配置文件运行, 可以使你的维护异常简单

创建文件 mysite_uwsgi.ini:

# mysite_uwsgi.ini file
[uwsgi]

# Django-related settings
# the base directory (full path)
chdir           = /path/to/your/project
# Django's wsgi file
module          = project.wsgi
# the virtualenv (full path)
home            = /path/to/virtualenv

# process-related settings
# master
master          = true
# maximum number of worker processes
processes       = 10
# the socket (use the full path to be safe
socket          = /path/to/your/project/mysite.sock
# ... with appropriate permissions - may be needed
# chmod-socket    = 664
# clear environment on exit
vacuum          = true

使用该文件运行 uswgi:

uwsgi --ini mysite_uwsgi.ini # the --ini option is used to specify a file

测试Django站点

直接在系统上安装uWSGI

到此为止, uWSGI安装在虚拟环境;有时候我们需要直接在系统安装.

退出虚拟环境:

deactivate

安装uWSGI

sudo pip install uwsgi

# Or install LTS (long term support).
pip install https://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-lts.tar.gz

运行并检查

uwsgi --ini mysite_uwsgi.ini # the --ini option is used to specify a file

君主模式

uWSGI可以运行在君主模式下, 该模式uWSGI会监视配置文件目录, 并为所有文件启动实例

当一个配置文件被修改时, uWSGI会自动重启对应实例

# create a directory for the vassals
sudo mkdir /etc/uwsgi
sudo mkdir /etc/uwsgi/vassals
# symlink from the default config directory to your config file
sudo ln -s /path/to/your/mysite/mysite_uwsgi.ini /etc/uwsgi/vassals/
# run the emperor
uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --uid www-data --gid www-data

你可能需要使用sudo运行

sudo uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --uid www-data --gid www-data
# emperor: where to look for vassals (config files)
# uid: the user id of the process once it’s started
# gid: the group id of the process once it’s started

检查站点

系统启动是运行uWSGI

使用 rc.local file.

编辑/etc/rc.local添加:

# 在 “exit 0” 行前添加.
/usr/local/bin/uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --uid www-data --gid www-data --daemonize /var/log/uwsgi-emperor.log

更多配置

参考对应应用文档

• Nginx
• uWSGI